Lesson Two

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L: pu khayr raaghle! Welcome! (Lit. You came in peace!)	په خیر راغلې
H: khUdáay de oobakhkha May you live in peace!	خُدائ دې وبخښه
L: tsínga ye? sihút de khu day? How are you? Is your health good?	څنګه يې؟ صحت دې ښهٔ دے؟
H: khu yim, tu tsínga ye? I'm fine. How are you?	ښهٔ یم. ته څنګه یې؟
L: du khUdáay fúzul day, khu yim. zmáa noom jaan day. staa noom tsu day? By the grace of God, I'm well. My name is John. What is your name?	د خُدائ فضل دے، شهٔ یم. زما نُوم جان دے. ستا نُوم څهٔ دے؟
H: zmaa noom imdáad day. My name is Imdad.	زما نُوم امداد دے.
L: tu du kum zaay ye? (or) tu du kum zaay na raaghulay ye? Where are you from?	تهٔ د کُوم ځائ يې؟ (یا) تهٔ د کُوم ځائ نه راغلے یې؟
H: zu du mardáan yim. (or) zu du mardáan na raaghulay yim. I'm from Mardan.	زهٔ د مردان یم. (یا) زهٔ د مردان نه راغلے یم.
L: zu du landún yim. I'm from London.	زهٔ د لندن یم.

NOTE:

Names are not usually exchanged until the initial conversation is almost finished.

Pronunciation Drill

Contrasting ټ - T with ډ - D

zu Taal larúm	زهٔ ټال لرم.
zu Daal larúm	زهٔ ډال لرم.
Tol shta.	ټول شته.
Dol shta.	ډول شته.
hálta Tak sho.	هلته ټک شو.
daa Duk sho.	دا ډک شو
daa taal day.	دا تال دے.
daa Taal day.	دا ټال دے.

Contrasting ا - aa with a (may not have a character in script form)
daa khaar day. دا ښار دے.
daa khar day. دا خر دے.
hagha ghaar day. هغه غار دے.
hagha ghar day. هغه غر دے.

Demonstrative Prouns: “this” and “that”

daa	this	دا
dágha	that (nearby objects)	دغه
hágha	that (distant objects)	هغه

“this” and “that” with masculine nouns and adjectives

Pronoun	Adjective	Noun	Verb
daa	lunD	pinsúl	day	This is a short pencil. دا لنډ پِنسل دے.
daa	óogud	qalúm	day	This is a long pen. دا اُوږد قلم دے.
dágha	droond	mez	day	That is a heavy table. دغه درُوند مېز دے.
dágha	spuk	kitáab	day	This is a light book. دغه سپک کتاب دے.
hágha	tor	war	day	This is a black door هغه تور ور دے.
hágha	speen	kaghúz	day	This is a white paper هغه سپین کاغذ دے.

Pronoun	Noun	Adjective	Verb
daa	halúk	khu	day	This boy is good. دا هلک ښهٔ دے.
daa	kitáab	kharáab	day	This book is bad. دا کتاب خراب دے.
dágha	balákht	sheen	day	This pillow is green. دغه بالخت شین دے.
hágha	spay	ghaT	day	That male dog is big. هغه سپے غټ دے.
hágha	saRáy	waRóokay	day	That man is small. هغه سړے وړوکے دے.

👆 Have the teacher point to objects that are close and far away, substituting nouns already introduced. Don’t introduce new vocabulary. Use the question دا څه شے دے؟ - daa tsu shay day? (What is this?) to elicit new vocabulary.

NOTES:

Demonstrative pronouns do not change in form for plural nouns.
دا - daa is used for an object in the hand, or within easy reach.
شین - sheen can mean either 'green' or 'blue'.

Subject pronouns with masculine adjectives

Pronoun	Adjective	Verb
zu	stúRay	yim.	I am tired. زهٔ ستړے یم.
hágha	khhÚlay	day.	He is handsome هغه ښکُلے دے.
tu	joR	ye?	Are you well? تهٔ جوړ یې؟
hágha	ghaT	day.	That/he is big. هغه عټ دے.
hágha	naráy	day.	He is thin. هغه نرے دے.
daa	droond	day.	This is heavy. دا دروند دے.

NOTE:

When two consecutive adjectives are used, او - aaw (and) is inserted between the two adjectives. For example:

daa ghaT aaw droond mez day.	This is a large and heavy table.	دا غټ او درُوند مېز دے.
hágha moTúr tor aaw speen day.	That car is black and white.	هغه موټر تور او سپین دے.

Questions and Answers

tu stúRay ye?	Are you tired?	تۀ ستړے يې؟
na, Der stúRay nu yim.	No, I'm not very tired.	نه، ډېر ستړے نۀ يم.
daa ghaT kitáab day?	Is this a big book?	دا غټ کتاب دے؟
aaw, daa ghaT kitáab day.	Yes, this is a big book.	آو، دا غټ کتاب دے.
tu túgay ye?	Are you (m.) thirsty?	تۀ تږے يې؟
aaw, zu Der túgay yim.	Yes, I (m.) am very thirsty.	آو، زۀ ډېر تږے يم.
hágha moTúr kum rang day?	What colour is that car?	هغه موټر کُوم رنګ دے؟
hágha speen aaw soor day.	It's white and red.	هغه سپين او سُور دے.
dágha mez dróond day?	Is this table heavy?	دغه مېز درُوند دے؟
na, dágha mez droond nu day, spuk day.	No this table is not heavy, it's light.	نه، دغه مېز درُوند نۀ دے، سپک دے.

Questions and answers with: “what?” and “how?”

dágha tsu shay day?	What is that?	دغه څۀ شے دے؟
dágha qalúm day.	It's a pen.	دغه قلم دے.
daa qalúm tsínga day?	How is this pen?	دا قلم څنګه دے؟
daa khu qalúm day.	It is a good pen.	دا ښۀ قلم دے.
hágha tsu shay day?	What thing is that?	هغه څۀ شے دے؟
hágha moTúr day.	That is a car.	هغه موټر دے.
hágha moTur tsunga day?	How is that car?	هغه موټر څنګه دے؟
hágha moTur Der kharaab day.	That car is very bad.	هغه موټر ډېر خراب دے.

Memorizing Moment

متلونه - matulóona

په هر چا خپل وطن کشمیر دے.

pu hăr chaa khpul watún kashmeer day.

For everyone his own country is Kashmir.

خپل عمل د لارې مل دے.

khpul amúl du láare mal day.

Your own deeds are with you on your path.

NOTE:

Be careful to listen to the pronunciation of place names like Kashmir. Many are quite different from the English way of saying them.

👆 Find out and use the Pukhto pronunciations of Peshawar, Nowshera, Swat and Pakistan, etc.

Exercises for Lesson Two

Use the correct form of the equative in the following sentences.

dágha mez droond.

دغه مېز درُوند.

hágha moTur ghaT.

هغه موټر غټ.

tu Der stúRay.

تۀ ډېر ستړے.

daa qalúm tor nu.

دا قلم تور نۀ.

zu Der túgay nu.

زۀ ډېر تږے نۀ.

staa noom tsu?

ستا نُوم څهٔ؟

Use the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences:

wúgay nu yim.

وږے نۀ يم.

khu saRáy ye.

ښۀ سړے يې.

tor kitáab nu day.

تور کتاب نۀ دے.

Der stúRay yim.

ډېر ستړے يم.

mez óogud day.

مېز اُوږد دے.

tsunga ye?

څنګه يې؟