Lesson Eleven

To listen to the audio, click a phrase/word. To download, hold down 'd' and click.

Dialogue eleven: Buying cloth

L: du jaamo du paara kapRá shta? Do you have cloth for clothes?	د جامو د پاره کپړه شته؟
H: daa Tóla kapRá du jaamo du paara da. All of the cloth is for clothes.	دا ټوله کپړه د جامو د پاره ده.
L: daa maal paakistaanáy day, aw ku bahranáy day? Are these goods from Pakistan or from overseas?	دا مال پاکِستانے دے، او کۀ بهرنے دے؟
H: da bahranáy day, hágha noor paakistaanée dee. This is foreign, these others are Pakistani.	دا بهرنے دے، هغه نور پاکِستانی دی.
L: yo khu rang me pukáar day. I need a good colour.	يو ښۀ رنګ مې پکار دے.
H: daa Tol khu rangóona dee. aasmaanee rang sahée day? These are all good colours. Blue colour is good?	دا ټول ښۀ رنګونه دى. آسمانى رنګ صحيح دے.
L: aw, kho daa kapRá Déra Dabála khkáaree. luga narúy nishta? Yes, but that cloth looks very thick. Don't you have anything thinner?	او، خو دا کپړه ډېره ډبله ښکارى. لږه نرۍ نشته؟
H: na, kho daa Tóle du oRée dupáara dee. No, but all of these are for summer.	نه، خو دا ټولې د اوړى د پاره دى.
L: joRá ba du tso gúzo na jóRa shee? How many yards will it take to make a suit from it?	جوړه به د څو ګزو نه جوړه شى؟
H: staa joRá ba du oowo guzo na jóRa shee. It will take seven yards to make a suit for you.	ستا جوړه به د اوو ګزو نه جوړه شى.
L: tso shwe? How much?	څو شوې؟
H: shpug sawa roopúy. Six hundred rupees.	شپږ سوه روپۍ.
L: oowú gúza ráaka! Give me seven yards!	اووۀ ګزۀ راکه!

Pronunciation Drill

Contrasting ل - l and ړ - R

daa lóonD day.	This is wet.	دا لوند دے.
daa Roond day.	This is a blind person.	دا ړُوند دے.
lambdawúl khu kaar nu day.	It is not good to make wet.	لمدول ښۀ کار نۀ دے.
Randawúl khu kaar nu day.	It is not to make someone blind.	ړندول ښۀ کار نۀ دے.
day daa talée.	He is weighing it.	دے دا تلى.
day daa taRée.	He is tying it.	دے دا تړى.

Contrasting ے - ay and ۍ - uy

dágha spay naráy day.	That dog is skinny.	دغه سپے نرے دے.
dágha spuy narúy da.	That female dog is skinny.	دغه سپۍ نرۍ ده.
haghá zmaa nwasáy day.	That is my grandson.	هغه زما نوسے دے.
haghá zmaa nwasúy da.	That is my granddaughter.	هغه زما نوسۍ ده.
haghá pakhwaanáy jirmanáy day.	He is an old German.	هغه پخوانے جرمنے دے.
haghá pakhwaanúy jirmanúy da.	She is an old German.	هغه پخوانۍ جرمنۍ ده.

The directive pronouns: را - raa, در - dăr, and ور - wăr

The prefix را - raa indicates movement towards me/us, the speaker. ور - wăr indicates movement towards a third person or place, and در - dăr indicates movement towards you (second person).

را - raa:

day maa ta kitáab raa-kawée

He is giving the book to me.

دے ما ته کتاب راکوى.

ور - wăr:

day wăr-ta kitaab wărkawée

He is giving the book to him.

دے ورته کتاب ورکوى.

Note that ور - wăr is used in place of هغهٔ - haghú

در - dăr:

haghá taa ta kitáab dăr-kawée

He is giving the book to you.

هغه تا ته کتاب درکوى.

Examples:

haghá raazee.	He is coming (here).	هغه راځى.
haghá dărzee.	He is going (towards you).	هغه درځى.
haghá wărzee.	He is going (there).	هغه ورځى.
wărsha!	Go (to him, her, them)!	ورشه!
ráash!	Come (to me)!	راشه!

NOTE:

These pronouns may also be used instead of object pronouns in the oblique case. For example:

raa-sara ze?	Are you going with me?	راسره ځې؟
aw, dăr-sara zum.	Yes, I'm going with you.	او، درسره ځم.
moong wăr-sara zoo.	We are going with them.	مُونږ ورسره ځُو.
tu raa-ta tsu raa-kawé?	What are you giving to me?	تۀ راته څۀ راکوې؟
zu dăr-ta chaay dăr-kawúm.	I'm giving tea to you.	زۀ درته چائ درکوم.
zu wăr-ta kitáab wăr-kawum.	I'm giving a book to them.	زۀ ورته کتاب ورکوم.

More examples:

tu maa-ta payse raa-kawe?	Are you giving me money?	تۀ ما ته پیسې راکوې؟
na, zu taa-ta DoDúy dăr-kawúm.	No, I'm giving you bread.	نه، زۀ تا ته ډوډۍ درکوم.
day karéem ta kaaghúz wăr-kawee?	Is he giving paper to Karim?	دے کريم ته کاغذ ورکوى؟
na, wăr-ta yo kitáab wăr-kawée.	No, he is giving him a book.	نه، ورته يو کتاب ورکوى.
taaso naajóRo ta tsu wăr-kawéy?	What are you giving to the sick?	تاسو ناجوړو ته څۀ ورکوئ؟
moong wăr-ta daaróo wăr-kawoo.	We are giving them medicine.	مُونږ ورته دارُو ورکوؤ.
zmaa zooy ta maNá wăr-kawé?	Are you giving an apple to my son?	زما زوئ ته مڼه ورکوې؟
na, maNá wăr-ta nu wăr-kawúm.	No, I'm not giving him an apple.	نه، مڼه ورته نۀ ورکوم.
day ba tsu wakht raa-ta paysé raa-kawee?	When will he give me the money?	دے به څۀ وخت راته پیسې راکوى؟
payse ba dărta nu dăr-kawee.	He won't give you the money.	پیسې به درته نۀ درکوى.

Directive pronouns with که - ka (give!)

Use the pictures below to practice these sentences, and in addition, add your own. Imagine that one person in the picture is زهٔ - zu.

haghé la qalúm wăr-ka!	Give her the pen!	هغې له قلم ورکه!
daa haghé la wăr-ka!	Give it to her!	دا هغې له ورکه!
haghu la qalum wăr-ka!	Give him the pen!	هغۀ له قلم ورکه!
daa maa la raa-ka!	Give it to me!	دا ماله راکه!
daa haghwée la wăr-ka!	Give it to them!	دا هغوى له ورکه!
maa la dwa keelo raa-ka!	Give me two kilos!	ماله دوه کيلو راکه!

👆 Now practice the same drill with different objects around the room

More practice with directive pronouns

taa la payse nu dăr-kawum, du la payse wăr-kawum.	I'm not giving money to you, I'm giving it to him.	تا له پیسې نۀ درکوم، دۀ له ېیسې ورکوم.
kitáab dăr-sara shta?	Do you have a book with you?	کتاب درسره شته؟
zu khpul dost la wăr-kawum aw taa la nu dăr-kawum.	I'm giving it to my friend and not to you.	زۀ خپل دوست له ورکوم او تاله نۀ درکوم.
ku zmaa dost raashee zu ba yuwa pookaNúy wăr-la wăr-kawum.	If my friend comes, I will give him a balloon.	کۀ زما دوست راشى زۀ به يوه پوکڼۍ ورله ورکوم.
moong wăr-la dawaa`ee wăr-kawóo.	We are giving him medicine.	مُونږ ورله دوائى ورکوو.
tu zmaa zooy la maNá wăr-kawe?	Are you (sing.) giving my son an apple?	تۀ زما زوئ له مڼه ورکوې؟
taaso zmaa zooy la maNá wăr-kawey?	Are you (plur.) giving my son an apple?	تاسو زما زوئ له مڼه ورکوئ؟

Creating compound verbs from adjectives

or bal day.	The fire is ablaze.	اور بل دے.
haghá or balawee.	He is lighting the fire.	هغه اور بلوى.
hágha war wăle band day?	Why is that door shut?	هغه ور ولې بند دے؟
haghá war wăle bandawe?	Why are you closing that door?	هغه ور ولې بندوې؟
staa moTúr joR sho?	Is your car fixed?	ستا موټر جوړ شو؟
staa moTúr joRawum.	I'm fixing your car.	ستا موټر جوړوم.
largée maat dee.	The wood is broken.	لرګى مات دى.
hagha oos largée maatawee.	He is breaking the wood now.	هغه اوس لرګى ماتوى.
du haghé koTá paaka da.	Her room is clean.	د هغې کوټه پاکه ده.
haghá koTá paakawee.	She is cleaning the room.	هغه کوټه پاکوى.
ghwakha pakhá da.	The meat is cooked.	غوښه پخه ده.
khaansaamá ghwakha pakhawee.	The cook is cooking the meat.	خانسامه غوښه پخوى.
kiRkúy kooláaw dee.	The windows are open.	کړکۍ کولاؤ دى.
zu kiRkúy koolaawum.	I'm opening the windows.	زۀ کړکۍ کولاوم.
oos chaay pakhegee.	Tea is cooking now.	اوس چائې پخېږى.

NOTES:

Most adjectives can be combined with کول - kawúl (to make) to form compound transitive verbs. (sometimes called stative compounds) For example the feminine singular form of the adjective پوخ - pokh (cooked) is پخه - pakhá and is combined to form the verb پخول - pakhawúl (to cook):

táaso saag pu oobú ke pakhawéy?	Do you cook spinach in water?	تاسو ساګ په اوبو کښې پخوئ؟
na, pu ghwaRó ke ye pakhawóo.	No, we cook it in oil.	نه، په غوړو کښې یې پخوُو.

For adjectives that end in a consonant, the initial ک - k in کول - kawul is dropped in the present tense (as well as for the continuous past, introduced later):

Adjective	Compound Transitive Verb
bal ablaze, kindled بل	balawul to light, to turn on بلول
band closed بند	bandawul to close, to shut بندول
paak clean, tidy پاک	paakawul to clean پاکول
pokh ripe, cooked پوخ	pakhawul to cook پخول
joR healthy, sound جوړ	joRawúl to build, to fix جوړول
safáa clean, tidy صفا	safáa kawúl to clean صفا کول
kooláaw open کولاؤ	koolaawúl to open کولاول
maat broken مات	maatawúl to break ماتول

There is another type of compound verbs (sometimes called “dynamic compound verbs") which involve "doing” actions using کول - kawul (to do) to "do" a noun. The noun in these compounds is the object of the sentence, and the verb کول - kawul (to do) behaves differently than کول - kawul (to make). With these kinds of compounds the initial ک - k in کول - kawul is never dropped.

{" "}

Noun	Dynamic Compound
kaar work کار	kaar kawul to work کار کول
khob sleep خوب	khob kawul to sleep خوب کول
istrée ironing اِستری	istrée kawúl to iron اِستری کول
jaaróo broom جارُو	jaaróo kawul to sweep جارُو کول
khabure speech خبرې	khabure kawul to talk خبرې کول
lóbe games لوبې	lobe kawul to play لوبې کول
waadú marriage وادهٔ	waadú kawul to marry وادهٔ کول

Names of professions can also be combined with the auxillary verb کول - kawul (to do) to make “doing” compounds like the chart above.

Professional	Profession	Compound
tarkáaN carpenter ترکاڼ	tarkáaNee carpentry ترکاڼی	tarkaaNée kawúl to do carpentry ترکاڼی کول
ghul thief غل	ghlaa theft غلا	ghlaa kawul to steal غلا کول

The verb حوړول - joRawúl (to fix, make, repair) is also used in numerous ways:

tarkáaN staa du paara tsu joRawée?	What is the carpenter making for you?	ترکاڼ ستا د پاره څۀ جوړوى؟
tsu wakht khpul wekhtú joRawé?	When are you getting your hair cut?	څۀ وخت خپل وېښتۀ جوړوې؟
haghwee chaa du paara hágha nuway kor joRawee?	Who are they building that new house for?	هغوى چا د پاره هغه نوے کور جوړوى؟

The verb وهل - wahúl (to hit, beat)

da halukáan hăr wakht spee wahee.	These boys are hitting dogs all the time.	دا هلکان هر وخت سپى وهى.
wăle hărawruz maa wahe?	Why do you hit me every day?	ولې هره ورځ ما وهې؟
daa hăra shpa pu khob ke chughe wahee.	She cries-out [i.e. shouts] in her sleep every night.	دا هره شپه په خوب کښې چغې وهى.
day pu hágha seend ke laambo wahee.	He is swimming in that river.	دے په هغه سيند کښې لامبو وهى.
fankáar hăra shpa pu de hoTúl ke rabáab wahee.	The musician plays rabab every night at this hotel.	فنکار هره شپه په دې هوټل کښې رباب وهى.

NOTE:

The رباب - rabáab is a stringed instrument, popular with Pukhtuns.

The verb نیول - neewúl (to catch, take, hold)

day yo nuway kor pu karaaya neewúlay day.	He has rented a new house.	دے يو نوے کور په کرايه نيولے دے.
mUsalmaanáan hăr kaal yúwa myaasht rojze neesee.	Muslims take the fast for one month every year.	مسلمانان هر کال يوه مياشت روژې نيسى.
haghwee pu hágha seend ke looy maayáan neesee.	They are catching big fish in that river.	هغوى په هغه سيند کښې لوئ مهيان نيسى.
marghúy neewul khu khabura nu da.	Catching birds is not a good thing.	مرغۍ نيول ښۀ خبره نۀ ده.
zmaa kitaab ooneesa, zu raazum.	Hold my book, I'm coming.	زما کتاب ونيسه زۀ راځم.

How to say “I don’t know”

maa ta páta nishta.	I don't know (anything).	ما ته پته نشته.
páta nú-lugee	I don't know.	پته نهٔ لګی.

The emphatic adjective خپل - khpul (own)

daa du chaa kitáab taa la dăr-kawee?	Whose book is she giving to you?	دا د چا کتاب تاله درکوى؟
daa khpul kitaab maa la dăr-kawee.	She is giving me her own book.	دا خپل کتاب ماله راکوى.
tu du chaa jaamé aghonde?	Whose clothes are you wearing?	تۀ د چا جامې اغوندې؟
zu khpule jaamé aghondum.	I'm wearing my own clothes.	زۀ خپلې جامې اغوندم.
taaso yowa qeesa chaa ta waayey?	Who are you telling a story to?	تاسو يوه قيصه چاته وايئ؟
zu ye khpule loor to waayum.	I'm reading it to my daughter.	زۀ يې خپلې لُور ته وايم.
taaso yuwa qeesa chaata kawey?	Who are you telling a story to?	تاسو يوه قيصه چاته کوئ؟
zu ye khpule loor ta kawum.	I'm reading it to my daughter.	زۀ يې خپلې لُور ته کوم.
daa qamées du chaa du paara ganDé?	Whom are you sewing this shirt for?	دا قميص د چا د پاره ګنډې؟
zu ye khpul zaan du paara ganDúm.	I'm sewing it for myself.	زۀ يې خپل ځان د پاره ګنډم.
haghá du chaa du paara parde aw tolaa`ee joRawee?	Who is she making the curtains and mattresses for?	هغه د چا دپاره پردې او تولائى جوړوى؟
du khpule tror du paara ye joRawée.	She is making them for her aunt.	د خپلې ترور د پاره يې جوړوى.
tu oos chărta ze?	Where are you going now?	تۀ اوس چرته ځې؟
zu khpul kor to zum.	I'm going to my house.	زۀ خپل کور ته ځم.
haghá du chaa saaykúl khartsawee?	Whose bicycle is he selling?	هغه د چا سائيکل خرڅوى؟
haghá khpul saaykúl khartsawee.	He's selling his own bicycle.	هغه خپل شائیکل خرځوی.
daa du chaa du paara DoDúy pakhawee?	Whom is she cooking food for?	دا د چا د پاره ډوډۍ پخوى؟
du khpulo maashoomaano du paara pakhawee.	She is cooking for her own children.	د خپلو ماشُومانو د پاره پخوى.
daa Topúy staa khpula da?	Is this hat your own?	دا ټوپۍ ستا خپله ده؟
aw, daa Topúy zmaa khpula da.	Yes, this is my own hat.	او، دا ټوپۍ زما خپله ده.
haghwée tsok dee?	Who are they?	هغوى څوک دى؟
haghwee zmaa khpul dee.	They are my own (relatives).	هغوى زما خپل دى.

NOTES:

The same subject pronoun and possessive adjective cannot be used in the same sentence. خپل - khpul replaces the adjective.
Note the ungrammatical examples and corrections below:

Incorrect		Correct
zu zmaa kitáab larúm زهٔ زما کتاب لرم.	I have my book	zu khpul kitáab larúm زه خپل کتاب لرم.
tu staa kar ta ze? تۀ ستا کور ته ځې؟	Are you going to your house?	tu khpul kor ta ze? تۀ خپل کور ته ځې؟
day du du khúze sara zee دے د دۀ ښځې سره ځى.	He is going with his wife	day khpule khuze sara zee. دے خپلې ښځې سره ځى.

خپل - khpul is inflected for number, gender and case. For example the phrase:

khpulo maashoomáano du páara

for your children

خپلو ماشُومانو د پاره

Memorising moments

mataloona

چې چرته اوسې په خوئ به د هغو شې.

che chărta óse, pu khooy ba du haghó she

Your manners will be the same as those you live with.

ښۀ پوهېږم خو نۀ پوهېږم.

khu pohégum kho nu pohégum

I understand it will but don't understand it.

د ماشُوم په ژبه خپله مور پوهېږى.

du maashóom pu jziba khpúla mor pohégee.

A mother knows the sound of her own child's voice.

Rahman Baba

سړيتوب څۀ په دولت نۀ دے رحمانه!

بت د سرو زرو کۀ جوړ شى انسان نۀ دے.

saReetób tsu pu dawlat nu day rahmáana!

bUt du sro zuro ku joR shee insaan nu day.

Manliness is not found in wealth, Rahman!

Even if an idol is made from gold, it is not human.

په يو قدم تر عرشه پورې رسى

ما ليدلے دے رفتار د دروېشانو.

pu yo qadúm tur ársha pore rásee

maa leedulay day riftáar du darweshaano.

They reach God's throne in a single stride

I have witnessed the ways of Dervishes.

Comprehension drill: Learning location through commands

👆 Take a pen and quickly obay commands given by your helper without looking at your book!

qalúm khpul săr du páasa ooneesa!	Hold the pen above your head!	قلم خپل سر د پاسه ونيسه!
khpul qalúm du kitáab láande kégda!	Put your pen under the book!	خپل قلم د کتاب لاندې کېږده!
khpul qalúm pu kitáab baande kégda!	Put your pen on the book!	خپل قلم په کتاب باندې کېږده!
khpul qalúm pu khpúla khwaa ke ooneesa!	Put your pen by your side!	خپل قلم په خپله خوا کښې ونيسه!
khpul qalúm du kaaghúz khwaa ta kégda!	Put your pen next to the paper!	خپل قلم د کاغذ خواته کېږده!

Now add the directive pronouns را- - raa-, در- - dăr-, and ور- - wăr- to the commands. For example, “Put the pen next to her!”, “ … next to me!”, etc.

Exercises for Lesson Eleven

Substitute the following words for the bold word in the sentence:

jáamo du paara kapRé dee?

جامو د پاره کپړې دی؟

pardé

پردې

baalúkht

بالښت

tolaa`ee

تولائی

Fill in the correct directional pronoun را- - raa-, در- - dăr-, or ور- - wăr- in the following sentences:

dwee moong to kitaabóonakawée.

دوی مُونږ ته کتابونهکوی.

halúk malikaano ta aaloogáankawée.

هلک هلکانو ته آلوګانکوی.

moong táaso ta yo paaw chaaykawóo

مُونږ تاسو ته يو پاؤ چائېکوو

plaar me raa-la paysékawée.

پلار مې راله پیسېکوی.

karéem taa ta DoDúykawée.

کريم تا ته ډوډۍکوی.

moong ta bRastún nukawée.

مُونږ ته بړستن نۀکوی.

Replace the inflected pronoun in the sentences below with the correct directional pronoun Fill in the correct directional pronoun را- - raa-, در- - dăr-, or ور- - wăr- and adjust accordingly.

day yo khat maa ta leekee.

دے يو خط ما ته ليکى.

zu taa la yúwa maNa akhlum.

زۀ تاله يوه مڼه اخلم.

moong taaso la qamées ganDoo.

مُونږ تاسو له قميص ګنډو.

day haghwée na khufa kegee.

دے هغوی نه خفه کېږی.

tu moong sara kor ta ze?

تۀ مُونږ سره کورته ځې؟